![]() Thus, the CCS technologies are expected to significantly introduce additional stresses on the sustainability of water systems. Since water is used for cooling and emission scrubbing, deployment of CCS will potentially increase water withdrawals to meet the added needs for chemical and physical processes of capturing and separating large volumes of CO 2. Water is an integral element of CCS processes. Installation of a CCS unit at thermoelectric plants can efficiently capture about 85–95% of the CO 2 processed in a capture plant. CCS is a highly promising approach to reducing GHG emissions by capturing CO 2 at the site of the power plant, transporting it to an injection site, and sequestrating for long-term storage in suitable formations. The subject of this article will focus on the third option, CO 2 capture and sequestration (CCS), as an efficient strategy to limit climate destabilization due to high levels of energy-related CO 2 emissions. Technological alternatives for reducing CO 2 emissions from power plants to the atmosphere include the following: (a) switching to less carbon-intensive fuels, for example natural gas instead of coal (b) increasing the use of renewable energy sources or nuclear energy, each of which emits little to no net CO 2 and (c) capturing and sequestrating CO 2. Furthermore, the current article highlights the need for integrating the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of CCS deployment into future assessment of the viability of CCS operations and how to make water systems less vulnerable to CCS impacts.Ī wide range of mitigation strategies have been developed to reduce CO 2 emissions. Such analyses can be examined in future studies via an integrated energy-water nexus approach. The scenario-based illustrative examples indicate the need for a full analysis of the inter-relationship between implementing different CCS technologies in the electric generation sector and the water system. A basin-scale, water stress framework is applied to estimate the added stresses on freshwater resources due to CCS installations. Illustrative analyses from two US states, Louisiana and Arizona, are presented to examine the possible consequences of introducing CCS technologies into existing power plants. This article also reviews availability and gaps in datasets and simulation tools that are necessary for an improved CCS analysis. A review of recent studies highlights three main challenges that would impact water sustainability due to CCS installation: (1) water requirements needed for different stages of CCS, (2) changes in groundwater quality due to carbon leakage into geologic formations, and (3) opportunities for using desalinated brine from saline sequestration aquifers to provide new freshwater sources and offset the CCS-induced water stresses. ![]() Imposing such constraints on the quantity and quality of freshwater resources will influence decisions on the types of energy facilities and threaten the sustainability of water systems. Groundwater contamination due to CO 2 leakage during geologic sequestration is an additional concern when adapting CCS into power plants. In addition to these processes, the parasitic loads imposed by carbon capture on power plants will reduce their efficiency and thus require more water for cooling the plant. While CCS technology can significantly mitigate anthropogenic GHG emissions, CCS installations are expected to impose new water stresses due to additional water requirements for chemical and physical processes to capture and separate CO 2. This article reviews the use of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) as a viable mitigation strategy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in fossil-fuel power plants and discusses the impacts on the sustainability of freshwater resources.
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